Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Ruminants

by Librarian on May 26, 2010

PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS IN ruminants

1 Introduction

Rectal palptation in small ruminants is of little value due to the size of the pelvis. (Wani, 1981). The caudal artery monitoring, bloatment, non-return to oestrus, udder development and other tests tried have had little success, (Wani & Sahni,1980). The more recent interest in early pregnancy 3. diagnosis of small ruminants is of academic and economic importance (Mellado,2003). A highly valued zygote or embryo when transferred to a less valued surrogate mother (recipient) needs to be closely monitored and the early detection of conception helps in repeated use of baren females. Proper management of pregnant animals also prevents embryonic losses. The method applied should be safe to both offspring and dam and needs to be cheap and easily applied. A review of various methods and techniques used for early pregnancy diagnosis in small ruminants. (sheep and goats) is presented.

.2 Early Signs of Pregnancy

2.1. Maintenance of a functional corpus luteum

It was evident that conception prolongs the life of the CL and prolongation and maintenance of a functional CL is triggered by the developing conceptus. These signals ensure the maintenance of the structural integrity of the CL. Corpus luteum produces progesterone, which maintains the uterine endometrium in a state permitting embryonic development, implantation and foetal-placental development (wani,1984b) . The formation and regression of the corpus luteum (CL) in Muzzaffarinagri ewes and Jamunapari goats was monitored at 3 days intervals for an entire oestruous cycle. Laparotomy and laparoscopic methods were used in these experiments.

The Endometrium undergoes tissue remodeling. This change in Extra cellular Matrix (ECM ) components is needed for successful implantation. Cytokinens 8,18 and 19 have been detected in the caprine endometrium during early pregnancy using immunofluorescence. Thus the presence of these cytokinen at approximately day 15 post conception is indicative of pregnancy in goats.

The implantation process in goats starts around day 18 post mating. During this phase intense type I collagen staining was detected throughout the uterine caruncular and intracaruncular stroma. For embryonic trophoblastic adhesions with endometrium, local control of protease activity is suggested. (Guillomot, 1999).

The earliest signs of pregnancy is the non-regression of the cyclic CL, which can be observed by the following methods:

i. Laparoscopy and Laparotomy approximately day 18-25 post mating. (Wani, 1982, 1988, 1984b,Wani & Buchoo, 1990, Wani & Buchoo, 1993, Cuellar et al, 1990, Wani et al, 2003).

ii. Serum Progesterone values higher than 1 ng/ml e.g 2 to 3 ng/ml. (Wani, 1989; Shreif, 1997, Boscas et al, 2003, Al-Merestani et al, 1999, Zarkawiet et al, 1999). Diagnosis of Pregnancy accurately (100%) predicted on the basis of serum progesterone P4 values around 17-19 days post mating .

iii. Pregnancy associated ovine glycoproteins recorded approximately post mating indicate pregnancy in sheep. (Karen et al, 2003; Verberckmoes, et al, 2004) or secretion of 17 & 22-24 K Da proteins on day 17 post mating in the caprine conceptus. (Guillomot et al, 1998).

iv. Non-return to oestrus (Mellado, 2003)

Some of the other early pregnancy signs detected by various methods are set out in Table 1.

3 Non-rejection of early conceptus

Progesterone maintains the uterine endometrium in a state which allows for embryonic development, implantation and foetal placental development. Details of foetomaternal relationships have been described (Mufti, 1997, Mufti et al, 2000)and are shown illustrated in Fig 1to 5. The presence of an early conceptus prolongs the life of corpus- luteum. These pregnancy signals are secreted as proteins. (Heap et al, 1990). Some of these proteins have been identified as ovine Trophablast protein I (OTP-1) in sheep which prevents the release of PGF2 alpha and thus helps in the maintenance of the corpus luteum. In cyclic ewes (non-pregnant) PGF2 alpha pulses are released in response to oxytocin with receptors being in the endometrium. The earliest signal of pregnancy is detected by a marked reduction in the endometrial oxytocin receptor numbers. The OTP-1 may inhibit synthesis of endometrial receptors for oestrogen and oxytocin. This possibly prevents luteolysis and maintains the dominance of theuterus by progesterone which is pre-requisite for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. (Bretzlaft and Romano, 2001; Wani, 1996; Ala cam et al, 1988).

The expression of progesterone receptors (PR) in the caprine uterus markedly increases during the peri-implantation period and estrogen –(ER) receptors do not increase in relation to PR, thus signaling the non-rejection of the early conceptus. (Flores et al, 2001). Progesterone in milk too can be found during early fertilization and conception (Cough et al, 1989).

Caprine H-type I antigen expression is unregulated during peri-implantation and progesterone P4 level stimulate it. It may be a useful marker to signal uterine preparations for receiving and retaining pregnancy in goats. (Powell et al, 2000). The caprine pregnancy related glycoprotein (Ca PAG) may help the conceptus to develop and is found around 18-19 day post mating . (Garbayo et al 2000). Endometrial tissue the undergoes remodeling to retain the conceptus in gravid small ruminant females. (Guillomot, 1999)

The dephosphorylated state of caprine uterine myocin in early pregnancy may help the conceptus to grow. Changes in the expression of native myocin, myosin heavy chains (MHCS) and myosin light chains (MLCS) were observed. (Kumar and Katoch, 1997).

For the development of the blastocyst, a proper uterine environment is essential. Besides the maintenance of the corpus luteum, production and availability of progesterone, the non-rejection of conceptus (blastocyst) is another critical feature of this period. The embryo produces interferons (embryo-IFN). This embryo IFN is homologous with – interfersons ( ? –IFN) and Ovine Trophoblast Interferons (OTI) of early pregnancy.

Purified OTP and recombinant OTP (r-oTP) produced in yeast exhibit antiviral activity and these r-OTP and OTP inhibit the release of endometrial PGF2 ? . This helps in the non-regression of the CL and indirectly maintains the early conceptus. Intra uterine r-OTP administered at a dose of 340 µg/ day for a week maintained the C.L in cyclic ewes for a month or so of . The inter- oestruos interval in 80% of the ewes was about a month or more. This dose r-OTP was as a effective as 14-16 day old conceptus. OTP was found to be immunosuppressive in several in-vitro and in-vivo assays. An assay on phytohaemagglutinin A revealed both OTP and r-OTP to be immunosuppressive. This was further verified by the inhibitory activity of r-OTP in Graft Versus Host Reaction. (GVH assays). Trophoblast interferons play a strategic role in the prevention of early pregnancy loss as it inhibits CD + blastogenesis. The role of CD + cells and as helper T lymphocytes and delayed+ Type hyper sensitivity mediators (DTHS) would explain this immuno- suppressive rate of OTP. (ILeri et al, 1996; Karen et al, 2003; Wani, 1996).

3.4 Oestrogen: – Pregesterone ratio (E:P ratio)

The role of oxytocin in inducing uterine PGF2 alpha was discussed earlier. However, the release of PGF2 under the action of oxytocin depends on or is controlled by progesterone and oestradiol. It was further indicated that ewes with a high E:P ratio may generate stronger luteolytic signals. It was demonstrated that low progesterone and high oestradiol combination record the largest and sustained increase in PGF2 alpha following oxytocin injection. Trophoblast interferons act locally to suppress the uterine oxytocin receptors in sheep.(Karen et al, 2003 ).

5 Maternal recognition of pregnancy

The maternal recognition of pregnancy in sheep and cattle is centered around the production by the trophoblast of type I x interferon (tINF). This tIFN then suppresses uterine oxytocin receptor concentrations (OTr). The oxytocin receptor (OTr) occupancy is associated with oxytocin induced PGF2 alpha release. OTr inhibition may represent the principal antiluteolytic mechanism of tIFN and secretion of the conceptus secretory proteins or bovine recombinant IFN to the uterus reduces OTr. Concentrations in intact and ovarectionized steroid treated ewes . A relationship between the conceptus secretory proteins and the metabolic products and those in the peripheral blood of the dam exists. ( Mufti; 1996; Mufti et al, 2000). There are conflicting reports making the action of oestradiol on oxytocin receptor concentration. (Powell et al, 2000). Trophoblastic cells contain interferon on day 14-17 after mating. During maternal recognition of pregnancy goat interferon was detected on day 18 post mating, its absence signifies pregnancy maintenance has been taken over by the corpus luteum. Thus a very thin line exists between maternal recognition of pregnancy and its maintenance or sustenance by the CL. (Gillomot et al, 1998).

6 The Reliability Pregnancy tests

Various methods used for correctly predicting pregnancy in sheep and goats during gestation have been summarized in Table 2. The accuracy varies from 70 to100% with different ultrasonic equipment. Different models as well as principles involved have been extensively reviewed (Wani, 1991; Wani et al,1998) and other methods of pregnancy detection during this stage e.g serum progesterone determination, vaginal cytology, laparotomy, estrone sulphate are summarized (Table-2). Various techniques were also evaluated in assessing mid-gestation. The various pregnancy signs as quoted by

various researchers using ultrasonography are summarized in Table 3. Of late certain anatomical features in the live, developing conceptus in vivo have been reported. This is reviewed and a summary is presented (Table 4). Various live foetal measurements like Biparietal diameter, Amniotic vesicle diameter, foetal radius and Tibia lengths are reviewed and shown (Table 5). Various pregnancy related images, histological sections and morphology of endometeruim have recently be published (Wani et al 2007, 2006 abc) where images are presented 6-15

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Mean Animals I Have Known

by Librarian on May 25, 2010

Mean Animals I Have Known

By

Thom Cantrall

 

            Once again I find life and Hollywood to be at odds.  In all the movies I’ve ever seen wherein animals are actually allowed to appear as themselves, in their real personae and not some Disneyesque scenario where wild animals are portrayed as living in family groups with Papa Bear, Mama Bear and Baby Bear living in harmony with their bunny and squirrel neighbors, the mean ones, if depicted at all are conspicuously obvious.  Who could but realize immediately upon seeing him that Shere Kahn is absolutely up to no good and wishes nothing but evil to the “man cub” in “The Jungle Book”?

            Even when actual animals are playing the part of animals, often with the help of plastic stand-ins, we are not allowed the honor of determining for ourselves the level of innate goodness embodied therein.  “Jaws”, for example could not make an appearance without being introduced with a blood chilling rendition of some soul-tingling mood music.  I know that one Great White Shark bears a strikingly close resemblance to any other Great White Shark much the same as one crow bears an exact resemblance to any other crow in the world.  But, that not withstanding, did we need to be told that this creature was dangerous?  Wouldn’t the simple appearance of a tall fin jutting out of the water tell us his intentions?

            As a person who has spent a great percentage of his life among God’s Creatures, I can attest to anyone so inclined that no such warnings as those described above have ever preceded any close encounter of the malevolent kind among Mother Nature’s children.  Not once have I ever heard the tum-tum-tum-tum… tum-tum-tum-tum that Jaws engendered when approaching any critter that might wish me ill!

            In my single digit and very early double digit years I spent well over seventy-five percent of the daylight and a substantial portion of the not-so-daylight hours when not serving time in that venerable institution that was the bane of my ilk… School… anywhere but under a roof.

Much of this time was invested in exploring every square foot of my uncle’s ranch and the surrounding environs.  Fences held no meaning for me at this juncture and location other than a necessary inconvenience meant to keep livestock restricted to a predetermined area… more or less, considering the shape in which most of these backwoods fences were kept.

            Many of them had been erected by the Spanish when General Mariano Vallejo had owned this vast Northern California domain and had seen little in the way of maintenance since that time.  To say that most were decrepit would have been liberal in description… actually, most were worse than that.  As a consequence, this was pretty much open range to both the cattle and sheep that grazed these timber and brushlands as well as to small boys who were, truly, pint sized disciples of Lewis and Clark, Kit Carson and Jedediah Smith.  But, I digress…

            This ranch was home to about four or five million Western Rattlesnakes.  Indeed, it seemed that these rattlesnakes were the only thing that did grow in profusion on this back-woods ranch.  Now, perhaps I’ve exaggerated a bit, but suffice it to say that they were common and they grew large.  I know that the official records say that this snake does not exceed five feet (1.52 m) in length, but I could have shown those experts several specimens that exceeded that conservative length considerably.  Probably the largest I ever saw personally was one my cousin Shirley killed under the clothesline just out the back door of the house.  This snake measured over six feet (2 m) in length without its head.  This snake had a girth of over eight inches (19.3 cm) and looked particularly menacing.  For the most part, the only time we ever killed a rattlesnake is when it was in proximity to the house or could pose a danger to some of us.  While I know that television tends to portray the rattlesnake in a coiled position, head poised to strike and rattles singing, I actually saw that in the wild so rarely that I thought for many years that we had demented or, at least, unnatural snakes.  Yes, when provoked, our snakes would coil and assume that classic pose, but it was an extremely rare circumstance, for sure, when a snake let forth with his singing buzz.  Generally speaking, he had to be provoked heartily to induce that buzz.  Normally, as soon as he was no longer being prodded or poked, he just uncoiled and slithered on about his rattlesnake business without so much as a “by your leave” or even a glance back.  Though, he would probably have shaken his head and shrugged his shoulders, had he had them, at the ignominy of this treatment he had received.

            The one notable exception to this general rule occurred one warm spring day when Tony, our trusty and tired saddle horse, and I were returning from a morning’s excursion to the edge of the wilderness, an area of immature Madrone trees about two inches (5 cm) in diameter and twenty feet (7 m) tall that had been killed in a fairly recent wildfire that had passed through the area.  This created a nightmarish land of soot-covered stems reminiscent of a black bamboo jungle.  Only the foolish ever entered the Wilderness… a second time.  On the morning in question we had just made the trek for much the same reason people climb mountains… because they are there.  It had been a pleasant foray and had served to clear my mind of the cobwebs engendered during the previous week by Mr. Wilson, my fifth grade teacher in his never-ending quest for dangling participles or split infinitives or something of the sort.  The ride had worked wonders on my over-taxed nervous system, serving to remind me that if a noun wanted to dangle its gerund, it was by no means my fault! 

            I was smiling inwardly and drowsing outwardly in the late morning sun.  Tony, for his part, was taking it all pretty much in stride and was nearly as asleep as I was.  The road we were on was no proper road, but a cat trail cut out by the massive blade of my uncle’s venerable TD-24 bulldozer in the quest for the huge Coastal Redwood trees (Sequoia Sempervirons) that grew there.  These cat roads laced the mountainside, providing the foot-weary a fairly comfortable place to walk.  They were, at least, brush free and coated in about six or so inches (9 cm) of loose, flowing dust.  The dusty trail was the morning newspaper of the mountainside.  In it you could read the travels of the local denizens… deer, lizards, snakes, mice, skunks raccoons and weasels… they all left note of their passing for the alert reader.

            On this particular day, however, “alert” was not a word I would use to describe either Tony of myself.  I was slumped in the saddle, nearly asleep in the sun, the reins wrapped loosely around the pommel… My feet were dangling on either side of the horse, free of the stirrups.  All in all, it was about as pleasant a morning as a lad of my few years could have imagined until we rounded a curve and, directly under Tony’s belly a rather large rattler let out with a very loud and penetrating buzz that immediately served to transform an idyll into a nightmare.

            I immediately recognized the sound for what it was and, unfortunately, so did Tony.  His immediate reaction, born of an innate, if heretofore unknown, dread of large rattlesnakes, was to launch himself straight vertical for a considerable distance.  I’ll have to leave the exact altitude attained to one’s imagination as, at that moment, I was much too busy for quantitative research.

            Words my father had uttered only a week or so prior, on the occasion of my arriving back at the barn on Tony and being in the saddle but sound asleep, came to mind…  “Thomas (actually, he called me Tommy… a habit I could not break him of his entire life!) one of these days something is going to spook him and he’s going to throw you so high the crows will have time to build a nest in your behind (actually, my dad’s language being as colorful as it was, “behind” was not the exact word he used here) before you hit the ground!”  That, along with certain other predictions regarding the effects on my anatomy of some of my antics served to suggest to me that he would have had a fair future as a prophet had he chosen to pursue that end.  With maturity, something you could have gotten pretty long odds, in this era, against my ever surviving long enough to reach, has come the realization that, perhaps, “Natural Consequence” may have had more to do with his prognostications than did any sense of the supernatural or ethereal.

            It amazes me even today, more than a half century later, how clearly those thoughts came to mind while I was still in the ascent stage and was diligently applying what I knew of , added to what I was learning of the physics of flight, even while contemplating the inevitable… Somewhere below me was a crazed horse and, below him, an angry, vociferous rattlesnake.  Even though I was still gaining altitude at the moment of this thought, I knew that, eventually, gravity being what it was, I was going to going to have to effect a landing.  Although I was, at present, navigating quite well, I was not at all sure that such benevolent circumstances would long continue, let alone persevere.

            While time seemed to hang suspended, I could feel myself losing velocity as I neared the apogee of my short flight.  Soon, I felt the rush of air as my direction of flight reversed and my velocity once more began to increase at the rate of, I was to learn many years later, thirty-two feet (11 m) per second for every second of my descent.  At this point, my thoughts began to change from the esoteric investigation of non-powered flight to the entirely mundane… Where the HELL (this being about the strongest language at my command at this time) is that snake?

            I must say, as earth became larger and larger in my window of vision, much the same image the Apollo Astronauts would have seen about a decade and a half later, that snake began to occupy more and more of my working mind.  As the conjectural thoughts were pushed aside in favor of the essential, I began to detect, on the very periphery of my awareness, a loud, eerie screeching that seemed to fill the air with its essence.  A small portion of my conscious thought was being hijacked by the weird sound.  About this time it dawned on me that, of the three players in this incongruous drama, there was only one capable of generating that kind of output.  As in the science of criminology, when the impossible is eliminated, what is left is probably the truth.  So it was that in this case, neither horse nor snake was capable of  that tone, therefore, that left only me as the author of that sound… a fact that, while it did little to attenuate the volume, it did serve to remove one source of stress from my already tortured psyche.

            Now, there was only one prime thought remaining… where the hell is that snake?  Very soon, like the pilot said at his Board of Inquiry following the crash of his fighter plane… “I ran out of air speed, altitude and ideas simultaneously”… I found myself measuring my length in the deep dust of the road.  As I lay prostrate, still wondering where that snake was, I could hear Tony making tracks as fast as he could down the mountain.  He seemed nothing more than intent on putting as much distance as he could between himself and that snake… wherever he was… as possible in the shortest possible time.  As I lay there in the dirt sucking the needles and leaves off nearby trees and shrubs in the effort to get air flowing into my lungs once more, I began to take stock of my anatomy.  Without the benefit of mirrors or other paraphernalia, I made the assessment that everything seemed to be pretty much as it was prior to the ordeal, all of three seconds before.

The snake was not in evidence, having departed during the debacle just described.  Tony was gone, but I had no concern for him.  He knew the way back to the barn better than I did and I had no doubt but that I’d next see him when I got to the bottom of the mountain, standing at the gate, probably grumbling because he hadn’t been fed yet.

I spent a few minutes assessing my condition, testing my extremities and, in general, wondering where in hell that snake was.  Finally, having decided that little further could be gained from my present position, I tentatively began to rise.  It was not the easiest task I’ve ever performed but almost everything seemed to work fairly well so, timidly at first but soon with more strength and purpose, down the road I moved.  I was sure that Tony was gone and that I was resigned to the long walk home on shaky and achy legs.

About three curves down the hill, standing to one side of the skid road was Tony, his reins were dangling, effectively ground-hitching him and allowing me to catch up the reins, mount the saddle and ride into the ranch yard in triumph, head held high rather than having to sore-foot it the last two miles in from the site of my encounter.

My even more unkempt than usual condition and my rather labored movements finally clued my parents that all was not pure peaches and cream in my world.  The severe interrogation to which I was subjected finally served to get the story of the meanest rattlesnake in all of Northern California out of me… only to incite paroxysms of mirth from the entire family, parents, siblings, aunt and uncle and cousins, at my expense… probably the meanest thing that snake did.  And, I never did figure out where he had gotten to… I was just eternally grateful that he was not still there when I arrived, returning from my aborted free-flight.

As is usual with mean animals, there was absolutely no warning before he sang out in that especially loud voice…er… tail in his case.  In fact, it is precisely this proclivity in some individuals to remain silent until I am entirely within their snare and am at peace with the world before launching their attack that marks them as particularly mean animals!

One of the past masters of this subterfuge resides in the forested areas of the Pacific Northwest.  He is a rather small bird, too small to account for the amount of terror he can author.  He seldom is as large as a bantam hen, but his ability to raise his victim’s blood pressure to near explosive levels is unparalleled in nature.  The usual scenario generally involves…

The morning had been eventful.  Elk were around in good numbers and had provided shot opportunities on a couple of occasions on smaller bulls.  It was early in the season though and I was holding out for something better, ignoring my long-standing tenet of “never turn down on the first day what you would take on the last day.”  The vagaries of archery hunting for elk being what it was, one was never safe in the assumption that further chances would eventuate that would offer good shots.  But, I was adamant.  I wanted a nice bull if I could get one, and if one always takes a small one first, he will never have the opportunity to take a large one.

The sun was making brief appearances from time to time and it had not rained in over two hours when I caught wind of elk nearby.  It must be noted that elk, though beautiful are not fastidious and they do not bathe.  Hence, they smell like a barnyard.  And, a large group of them smells like a large barnyard.  That is what I was catching now… the aroma of a group, properly called a gang, of elk somewhere very close.  The terrain was flat and somewhat swampy.  The timber was sparse, but regular in its growth.  The main growth was the ubiquitous Salal Brush (Galtheria Shallon).  Salal grows everywhere in this country, and is, indeed a major economic commodity in this area as it is harvested and used in floral arrangements in the cities of the west.  Entwined in this lush growth of Salal is the scourge of northwest loggers, Pacific Blackberry (Rubus Ursinus).  There is just enough of it here to serve as a major tripping hazard, tying the hiker’s legs securely to the ground as his body continues onward on its trek.  The result is, often, a loud crash and a burst of profanity.  The fact that this simple shrub is the major food source for the Columbian Blacktail deer that live here does little at this moment to redeem it in the eyes of the tripee.

On this morning, I was especially careful of it.  I was moving across this area of sparse timber most quietly, easing my way to where I might see the elk I was smelling.  On and on I moved, step after silent step.  From one tree to the next until, at last, I was seeing elk moving through the timber.  There were several animals present and I had seen at least one set of antlers through the trees.  I was inching ever so much closer.  Already I had passed up a small bull and some cows, the larger bull now in full sight just ahead.  I was slowly closing the range on him… Fifty yards… forty yards… nearer and nearer to the twenty-five yards (22.5 m) to which my wooden recurve bow limited me.  Just as I was to the point that I felt that I might consider a shot, I took that one more step that is so often fateful.  From out of the brush at my feet burst a small ball of feathers in the form of a ruffed grouse.  He was mean enough to beat me mercifully with his wings as he made his ascent and his escape!  If I could have maintained my composure, I could have caught him in my hat as he passed by, but, alas, such was not to be.  One cannot imagine the amount of noise such a tiny creature can make with just his wings in the morning air.  Add to that the fact that he was actually multiplying that by the factor of his wings actually beating me physically.

Of course, the elk were long gone, having no more desire to deal with the small tyrant than I had, but they had a clearer field in which to maneuver than did I with my feet tied to the ground by blackberry vines, my heart was now in the proximity of my Adams apple and still on the rise… the air around me still blue from the expletive that managed to slip out while my mind was otherwise engaged with the problems of dealing with killer grouse!

On a scale of one to ten in meanness, that grouse had to rate at least a twelve or thirteen.  I did manage to survive that unmitigated attack and even to take more elk in the future, but that didn’t stay me from my newest sport… skewering grouse with my bow and arrow whenever the opportunity presented itself!

Lest one begins to think that it is only the alive and aware animal that is capable of inflicting pain and torture on the unwary or under prepared, please note that there are several species that bear enough malice to continue their retribution even past the curtain that signals the end of mortality.  One of the meanest of these was an elk that went beyond the call if duty in creating torment.

It was a rainy morning that opening day of elk season so many years ago.  It was the first such season and my first foray into the jungle of huge stumps, ancient timber and young re-growth timber that is the west side of Washington’s Olympic Peninsula.

The Navy, just a few months prior, had seen fit to honor my first choice of duty station on my transfer from the submarine I’d served aboard for the previous five years. POMFPAC, Polaris Missile Facility, Pacific, was to be my home for the next, and last, two years of my service.  This facility was located on what is now the Submarine Base at Bangor, WA, home to the Pacific Trident Missile Fleet.  Housing shortage in the area at the time of my arrival… “most critical since WW II” the newspaper headlines announced on the day of my arrival… forced me to make an alteration to my original plan and to take a military house on the Naval Ammunition Depot Annex on Indian Island, near Port Townsend, about thirty miles (50 km) north of the base.  This proved a most fortuitous circumstance as it landed me among the worst of bad company… a band of hard core elk hunters.

From the time I met Greg and Adam in June until season opened in November, we talked elk.  Being the new boy on the block, I listened and listened… and listened some more.  Many were the tales of the elk trails followed, the elk seen and of the ruggedness of the country traversed.  It was this last that I, in retrospect, didn’t listen to quite closely enough.

Opening morning of elk season 1968 found me on a ridge covered in reprod timber… that is, young growth approximately six to eight years old.  It was about fifteen feet (5 m) high and just an inch or two in girth.  They can grow quite thickly, blanketing the terrain with a rather tall carpet of green.  I was sitting in a position where I could see across the canyon below to the ridge opposite.  Adam was to my right, up the ridge about a quarter mile (400 m) away and near where the two ridges united.  Greg had taken up his position by going to my left, down the ridge, crossing a drainage and up onto the side of the next ridge, giving him an excellent view of the lower end of the ridge opposite.  What had caused us to assume this alignment was our having spotted a gang of elk on the ridge beyond, coming up out of the Mosquito Creek drainage.  And, this gang was moving slowly and unconcernedly in our direction.  A quick war council produced this deployment with the agreement on the point that when they reached the top of that ridge opposite, chances were that they would either turn to my right, up the ridge or turn to my left, down the ridge.  If the former case came about, they would run directly in Adam.  If the latter, they would bottom out and be directly in Greg’s sights.  I, being the rookie, was in the rocking chair and hoping just to get an opportunity.

The plan worked exactly as designed.  The elk hit the crest of the ridge and turned to my right, uphill.  I could see them as they fed and moved through the young timber.  Never long enough for a shot, but I could see them.  Occasionally I could see antlers, usually poking above the trees.  Never could I see both antler and animal simultaneously until, finally, at the head of that spur ridge in a small clear spot, there he was.  A young bull he was, to be sure, but a nice one for a rookie.  Slowly I raised my brand new Remington .30-’06 and took careful aim.  I judged the range at a bit under three hundred yards (270 m) and was snuggling into the sling of my rifle… the cross hairs of my scope were just settling in place when a very loud shot rang out and all I could see of the bull in the scope were four elk feet flailing in the air!  Adam, obviously, had been in absolutely perfect position.

With the report of the rifle, the gang immediately turned back down the ridge, obviously planning their escape back down the ridge to the bottom and thence slipping into the standing, old-growth timber unseen.  Again, I could see them slipping through the brushy timber without giving me opportunity for a shot.  Again, I could see antlers above the brush, but then…. Directly across the canyon on the side of the ridge about a hundred feet (30 m) below the crest, the herd was on a trail that brought them into the open for a short distance.  By this time, they were in single file and moving at a slow trot.  At the particular point in question, each animal in turn had to jump a downed log and was then in full view for about three to four body lengths at which time the animal disappeared back into the jungle of growth.  It was like a shooting gallery.  The range was good, about two-hundred-twenty-five yards (200 m) and about level.  The shot, while it had to be done without wasted time, was doable.

I watched eagerly, my scope locked on each head as it appeared in queue, awaiting a turn at the gallery jump.  When a set of small antlers appeared in the lineup, I slipped the safety off and waited as the cows and calves ahead of him cleared the way.  Soon, he was there… his head held high as he jumped the fallen obstacle without seeming effort and landed in the open area.  He took one more shuffling step to catch his balance and I heard the report of my rifle.  I do not recall ever feeling the recoil.  The shot was true as I watched the hair jump just behind his left front shoulder and he stopped still in his tracks.  Since he was still on his feet, I worked the bolt and jacked a second round into the chamber.  Again, the hair jumped right next to the first hit as the one-hundred-sixty-five grain Speer bullet found its mark.  But, again, he did not fall.  Neither did he move.  It was as if time was standing still and all else in the world had disappeared except that bull elk and me.  There were no other elk in existence… I had no companions, no family, and no purpose except as concerned that bull.  Once more, I worked the bolt.

I knew I had two lethal shots in him and was amazed at his ability to remain upright.  That he was shaken and wounded mortally, I knew, but I was determined he not suffer.  Always, I had prided myself on the fact that no animal I had ever taken had required more than one shot to dispatch.  That a Roosevelt Bull Elk could carry a lot more lead than a deer was a fact that I understood intuitively and was just now learning in real time.  For my third shot, I took a bit more time and located where the bone ran through his neck.  I was sure he was not moving with two rounds in his boiler room… now I was going to put one into his wheelhouse.  I felt that the range was a bit excessive to effect one into his brain, so chose the second-best location.  Once more, I could see the hair on his neck jump as the heavy bullet created its effect.

Slowly, after this shot, the bull’s knees began to buckle.  Like a punch-drunk fighter viewed in slow-motion, he folded slowly, one leg at a time and he eased to the ground, taking care, I was sure, not to bruise any of his delicious meat.  I watched as he crumpled like an empty potato chip bag until he was prostrate on the steep sidehill.  Then, like that bag unfolding on its own, a leg jerked spasmodically…  A second kick caused him to roll down the hill a bit.  Soon, another kick and he tumbled even further down the ridge.

“Aha,” I said to myself, “how wonderful!  He’ll be so much easier to dress out at the bottom of the ravine than he would be on that steep sidehill.  I’d probably have to drag him down to the bottom anyway…”

Oh, how naïve can a rookie be?  I had totally failed to reckon with the fact I had just harvested one of the really mean elk in all of creation.  All elk hunters know intuitively that trophy elk do not live above the road as this would make the pack out to be much too easy.  Even if one should be caught traversing that “no-elks-land” they will do everything they possibly can to rectify their faux pas and immediately light out for the very bottom of darkest, brushiest hole imaginable, there to die.  Thus, in their passing, they can inflict the greatest possible distress on the hapless hunter who was inexperienced enough to have taken his life!  I once had a Pastor of a local church swear to me that he had taken a nice bull above the road in such a position that he had but to back his truck up to the bank at the side of the road and slide the animal in whole, thereby retrieving him almost without effort.  I was skeptical but not wanting to disbelieve the clergy when I found out he was also a fisherman!  Now I was torn terribly trying to believe his most wild story.  As he continued, it cleared itself up for me.  It seems he was forced to stop for some construction work on the road he was using when the timber cutting crew lost control of a tree they were falling and it dropped right across the bed of his truck… I tell you, those elk will do ANYTHING to get even!  I’m now quite sure that animal’s being above the road was just a ploy to lure the unwary into a position where his truck could be squashed like a june bug.

This is a trait common to all elk and subsequent harvests have led me from the depths of “Ohmygawd Canyon” to swamps so mean and foreboding that the fauna has regressed several stages on the evolutionary scale (I mean, have you ever seen a flying lizard?).  These outings have served to teach me this fact.  However, what this young bull did was way beyond the scale of ordinary meanness.  Upon reflection, I cannot recall a single time when an elk just went peaceably and stayed where he fell.

In this land of excessive moisture, the rain creates many strange phenomena.  The more than two hundred inches (500 cm) of annual precipitation causes the land to be conformed to the water’s needs.  In this case, these pressure ridges, as we were now on, created by a long ago, long gone glacier several thousand years ago were not made of solid rock, but of alluvial materials like sand and gravel.  At the bottom of the gully, between the ridges, the excessive water flow had created a trench very much like that created by a backhoe when installing underground utilities.  This trench was approximately eight feet (2.5 m) in depth and three feet (1 m) in width.  The sides were perfectly vertical and water ran in the bottom.  The ditch looked so unstable to me that, if it had been a construction project, no man would have ever been allowed in it without shoring the walls.

As I hiked down the hill from my ambush point, I was being soaked by the gallons and gallons of water that had been suspended on the needles of the young spruce and hemlock trees I was bulling my way through to reach the place where I expected to find my elk.  Looking back on that today, my worrying about that water was very much like worrying about spilling a cup of water on oneself just before falling out of the boat.  It took me nearly an hour to fight my way through brush as thick as the hair on a shaggy dog’s back to reach the bottom of that gully.  I could readily see the path in the more open sidehill the bull had made in his “kick it loose and let it roll” routine he used to expand his meanness to stellar proportions.

The thick brush I had been negotiating ended a few feet from the very bottom of the gully, providing a clear area approximately eight feet in width extending up and down the gully.  I could not believe my good fortune in seeing this… Imagine, an area of clear ground on which to work!  A five hundred pound (225 kg) plus animal is hard enough to move around for dressing in any place or position.  Doing so in brush or on steep ground can be terrible.  I was nearly ecstatic, then, at finding this boon.  And, that ecstasy lasted the full two minutes or so it took me to break through the last of the heavy cover and see the horrible truth of what this animal had done as his last act of defiance.  All that was to be seen where I would have supposed this beast to be was the marks of his last struggle as he managed to heave himself bodily into that trench in the bottom of the gully.  With no small amount of trepidation, I inched forward slowly, peering expectantly into that hole even while dreading the confirmation of what I new was true.

What greeted me was a sight indescribable.  Lying in the bottom of that hole I could see a foreleg, or maybe two hind legs and one eye.  He lay in such a juxtaposed position I am convinced there were forces other than random chance at work here.  I doubt sincerely that he could have become so sincerely misaligned by mere chance.  In addition, he was now acting as a really nice dam in the stream running at the bottom of the trench and was rapidly creating a rather nice lake on his upstream side.

It was at least six feet (2 m) from the lip of the trench to the animal and he filled another short distance with his body.  The walls were perfectly vertical for as far as I could see in either direction, affording me no easy access or egress anywhere within sight.  I found a convenient stump left over from the logging of this area and sat down to contemplate my situation.

As I pondered the improbability of this, a shot rang out from Greg’s direction.  Vaguely, I recalled another from that area a bit earlier.  More than likely, this last shot finished what the prior one had started… which meant, Adam being busy with his own bull from earlier and, now, Greg with his, I was entirely on my own.  I was sure that I could expect no help so what was to be was up to me.

The rain was falling, not in drops any longer, but in vast sheets of water.  Looking down the draw, I could see wave after wave of water being driven before the wind.  In places, where the wind swept up the ridge, the water was hurled up the ridge, a vanguard to the wind.  It was actually raining uphill!  I have never, before or since, witnessed this exact phenomenon, but there it was this cold, windy and wet November day.

I finally, after much soul-searching, removed my outer garments, coat, vest, raingear, etc. and piled them on the stump that had served as my throne and, keeping only my venerable Buck Knife, my small hand axe and bone saw from my belt sheath, I jumped from the lip of the trench into its bowels.

I have never seen such a sight.  I didn’t have an elk lying in a ditch; I had a pile, a lump even, of elk lying in the bottom of that ditch.  Looking up, it appeared that I was being buried in the groin of Mother Earth herself.  With a sigh, I pushed all thoughts aside and bent to the task at hand.

My first several attempts at moving the animal merely resulted in falling debris and waves of water as I unblocked, momentarily, the river that was being detained by the body lodged in the bottom.  I stopped a moment and reassessed my situation.  I looked over the situation in minute detail and, believe me, there was no little part of it that was comforting.  At last, I thought I had a handle on what needed to be done to untangle this mass of elk and arrange it in line with the flow of the trench.  This, at least, would afford me the opportunity of dressing out the animal and, possibly, rendering it into pieces of a manageable size that it might, eventually, be removed from the hole.  My years of untangling backlashes from my fishing reels stood me in good stead in getting this job accomplished.

By pulling on one foreleg until I got it free then scrambling across the lump of elk and into the growing lake of ice water on the uphill side, there to extricate a hind leg from its trap,  I was able to effect some progress.  Back across the carcass again to find the other foreleg only to find the antlers buried in to the bank, holding the head firmly in place… directly on top of the misfolded appendage I was trying to liberate.  On and on, back and forth for the better part of an hour I worked to get this mean critter into an orientation that would allow me to begin the arduous task of butchering.  By the time I managed to get five hundred pounds of dead elk arranged as I wanted him, I was drenched to the skin, covered in mud and muck and ruing the day I had ever heard of elk.  It should be noted at this point that, although I may have described this in words that would make one think it was a pleasant, joyous occasion… it was not!  However, in terms of what was yet to come, this interlude might well be taken as high, easy living.

At last I had wrestled him into a position in which I could begin the dressing.  As soon as I had vented the animal, I began to encounter problems caused by the proximity of the vertical walls.  I could not roll the animal to allow easy extraction of the offal, so I had to remove it by hand, over the aft end, piece by piece.  By now, Icy Lake, formed by Elk Dam, had drained sufficiently that I could move the offal out of the water.

When, at last, I determined him to be as clean as I could make him in my present place and circumstance, I began the task of reducing him to carriable proportions.  I thought that six would be appropriate.  To this end, I removed his head and antlers and placed them in a safe spot.  I then removed both front shoulders.  This, while not near as easy as it would have been on open ground, was not overly difficult.  The hind quarters, however, were a totally different matter.  Normally, with the animal on its back, it is a relatively simple matter to make a cut at the joint, allowing the weight of the hind quarter itself to pull it way from the carcass.  By simply extending the cut as the quarter falls away, it is soon completely severed, the hip joint being a ball and socket joint that is easily popped loose.

Such is life in a perfect world.  My world, at the moment, was far from adequate, let alone perfect.  I could not effect the cuts as I normally would because the walls held the legs nearly vertical, not allowing gravity to aid in the process.  Add to this the fact that Rigor was, by this time, setting in and one can see the situation was deteriorating rapidly.  It was pure gut-busting, mule-hauling work to get those hind quarters separated from the carcass and by the time it was completed, I was nearly in as bad shape as was that elk.

The last step in my butchering process was to split the carcass transversely, across the carcass just above the sixth rib yielding a fairly flat chunk of meat that was the prime of primes in elk.  On this was contained the tenderloin and the choicest steaks.  The other half contained some fine steaks as well… the T-bones and the rib steaks as well as the chuck steaks were here with a lot of fine elk.  It also included the ribs and brisket as well as the neck.

By the time I had completed the butchering, I was exhausted.  While deciding my next move, I sank down to rest, using a hind quarter of elk as my seat… a load of round steak supporting a round butt… and began to think how I was going to get out of this predicament.  Obviously, I could not get out the way I had come in, gravity being what it was, so that left only two options… up the trench or down the trench.  As soon as my heart rate returned to a near normal rate, I arose and, shouldering one forequarter, began my trek down the bottom of the trench, praying for a spot where the sides were low enough to let me get out of the hole.

It seemed like hours had passed and miles walked before the lip of the trench began to do dip to greet me.  Slowly and cautiously I crept along, my load gaining weight with each step all the while issuing prayers for the lessening of the depth to continue.  Finally, at last, my head was above the ground level and I waited no longer, but lifted that front quarter from my shoulder and onto the ground outside the trench.  It really felt like I’d covered at least a mile, but it was, as I learned by pacing the distance on my return trip, only about five hundred feet (350 m).  Four more trips I made with the meat from that bull and I had only the chest cavity remaining.  I was out of gas and out of ideas on how to move that large, bulky bull down my rapidly deteriorating route when I heard my name being called.

While grinning so widely that I threatened to break my face, I hollered back.  When a second call asked if I needed help, I screamed for rope and my packboard, a couple of items I had neglected to bring with me when I dove into this hell-hole.  I guess I was more interested in keeping them safe and dry in my truck than I was in actually using either.  That was a mistake I never repeated in all the years I hunted elk.  From that day onward, I never left my truck without a length of rope wrapped around me.

I put the question of what to do about that last piece of meat on hold until I had help here with me.  In the meantime, I recuperated.  I knew the job was far from complete as, even if both Adam and Greg came in, it would still mean two trips apiece back up that mountain through that brushy jungle with more than a hundred pounds (45 kg) of elk strapped to the packframes.

In a few minutes, I heard the chatter of men as the brush snapped and an occasional curse rang out, signaling a foot caught up in a root or a vine or such.  It dawned on me suddenly that this was the noise of more than just two men.  In fact, when the brush finally parted, not only Greg and Adam popped out, so did three good friends from town.  I could not believe that they were actually there, having told us not to expect them until late as work commitments would cost them opening day of the season.  There were now six of us.  Bob, Leon and Larry had found our trucks parked and had heard the shooting so had figured we had animals down and could use some help.  This being before the present era when the world was not overrun with thieves, we did not remove the keys from a vehicle when we parked as it may need to be moved to allow access to another.  Thus, the three got out packboards and such gear as they felt we would need and started in to find us.  I was deep in my long rut when they called out at first, so I did not hear them.  Greg and Adam, however, did.  In fact, they were within a stone’s throw of Adam and he guided them on to Greg.

I cannot express the joy I felt on seeing their homely mugs, and told them as much!  It was the work of but a few moments to tie a rope to that last hunk of carcass and to pull it out of the hole.  They had even determined a better route out.  Basically, it followed the trail the elk had used in coming down that ridge so long ago and led us directly to the junction of the ridges and to our trucks.  I broached the possibility that I might get a ride out on one back or another, but the fact that I soon realized that the only way this was going to happen is if I were willing to go the same way that elk was going… in six pieces did much to cool my ardor at what I had really thought to be a viable idea just moments before… An hour later, after much discussion of the sanity of anyone who’d venture into that hole, we were all at the truck enjoying a cold drink and a warm meal of Chef Boyardee that was whipped up on a Coleman stove.  Although it was just simple fare, heated quickly and served directly from the pan, it was possibly one of the finer, most welcome repasts I have ever known.

Adam’s elk was already in his truck and Greg’s was waiting at the edge of a small logging trace, ready to load.  I had fired my first shot at 8:05 that morning and the sun, behind thinning clouds, was sliding from the western sky as I sat on the tailgate of my truck, recounting the tale of the meanest elk that ever lived…

Thom is 65 years old and retired, forcibly, from regular work. He is helping his family start up a new concern manufacturing an idea of his from a couple of years back. He designed a target stand for archery 3D targets and has spent a great deal of time in this endeavor.


Thom was educated at Sonoma Valley High School in Sonoma, CA. After high school, the US Navy occupied the next nine years of his life, from 1961 to 1970 where he served as a Polaris Missile Technician on board the FBM Submarine USS James Madison SSB(N) 627. After leaving the Navy, Thom finished his formal education at Peninsula College in Port Angeles, WA and the University of Washington in Seattle.


Since leaving school, Thom as owned and operated several businesses, from a logging company to two accounting firms and an engineering firm.


Presently Thom lives alone in Kennewick, WA where he follows his love of writing, archery and his adopted family there.

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Honduras: The Home of Tobacco

by Librarian on May 24, 2010

Those who love cigars know that Honduras is one of the world’s best places to make them. After all, this Latin American country has been a prime tobacco-growing location for centuries, and its cigar industry boomed again after 1959, when many longtime Cuban cigar makers fled the Castro regime for neighboring countries-including this one. No wonder that Honduran cigars-including those from La Fontana, Camacho, Carlos Torano and La Libertad-sell better than any others in the United States, with the exception of the Dominican Republic.
But how many of us know much about this rich, fascinating country? Like the other Latin American countries which might be said to form the world’s “cigar belt”-Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Brazil, and Mexico-Honduras’s past affects its position as a producer of fine tobaccos-and just possibly its future.
Honduras is, first of all, a proud and epic country: the Mayan Empire, during its classic period (150-900 CE), built cities near the present-day site of Copan, bequeathing a set of ruins that beguile archaeologists and inspire visitors. Christopher Columbus “discovered” this country-already rich in lived history-on his fourth voyage of 1502, and even the story behind the country’s name is romantic. Columbus, it is held, on reaching the Bay Islands near present-day Honduras’s coast, whispered the words “Gracias a Dios que hemos salido de esas Honduras”: “Thank God we have emerged from those depths.” “Honduras” means “depths,” literally and metaphorically.
Honduras was run by the Spaniards until 1821, when it, along with the other Spanish American provinces of the Spanish Empire, gained independence. Border disputes with other Latin American countries, especially El Salvador, have led to intermittent fighting through the years, and the country has suffered under bouts of political oppression, particularly during the 1980s (when extrajudicial executions, torture and “disappearances” became frequent, albeit not as common as in neighboring Nicaragua). Honduras remains a developing country, especially after the devastation wrought by Hurricane Mitch in 1998 (which also destroyed much of Nicaragua): according to then-President Carlos Roberto Flores, the superstorm destroyed half a century’s worth of economic gain and developmental progress in less than a week. Seventy percent of that year’s crop died-a small loss for smokers, who depend on the country for its sublime tobacco, but a barely-survivable one for the nation’s small farmers.
But the country did survive. In recent years it’s even boasted an annual growth rate of seven percent-one of the best in Latin America. (Still, half the population remains in poverty.)
Along with the cultural and personal strength that allowed Hondurans to survive such a disaster, the country is also strong in another kind of resource: ecological ones. In less than fifty thousand square miles, it contains over six thousand species of plants, two hundred kinds of reptiles, and seven hundred bird species. In the Rio Platano Biosphere Reserve-added to UNESCO’s list of World Heritage sites in 1982-it boasts one of the world’s great rainforests. These areas may hold the key to greater understanding of evolutionary and biological history, or to new drugs. Like several other Latin American countries which depend largely on farming, yet are blessed with ample ecological resources which must be maintained, the country has faced and will continue to face a difficult balancing act in deciding how to use, without exploiting, its environmental riches (which include the soil in which its excellent tobacco is grown).
Given tobacco’s importance as a cash crop-it gives Hondurans something to sell to the United States, and it also gives them a certain leverage with other Latin American countries, as tobaccos of all types flourish in its soil-it’s not surprising that Honduras is not following in the anti-smoking footsteps of, say, Brazil. Percentages of smokers are still relatively high (in the low thirties for men, a rate comparable to that of the US) and public smoking regulations are fairly light (you can’t smoke on the bus or in the hospital, basically). Perhaps this is one tobacco-producer that smokers should consider seeing firsthand. After all, with its considerable natural beauty and light regulation of smoking, this could be a cigar lover’s paradise!

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The Trump Network Review

by Librarian on May 23, 2010

Welcome To The Trump Network Review.

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Copyright (c) 2008 Dick Rauscher

A Voice of Wisdom From The Past Years ago former President Jimmy Carter said, “A strong nation, like a strong person, can afford to be gentle, firm, thoughtful, and restrained. It can afford to extend a helping hand to others. It is a weak nation, like a weak person, that must behave with bluster and boasting and rashness and other signs of insecurity.”

I can’t think of any words that more powerfully or more clearly speak to the task that faces our nation; that of re-building trust in America as a compassionate global nation. His words also expose the danger of using an insecure primitive ego thinking process to create a nation’s foreign and domestic policies.

We recently explored the danger of mixing the black-and-white primitive ego thinking of religious fundamentalism with politics. In this issue we will take a brief look at the last eight years of American politics to illustrate the problem associated with primitive ego thinking in government, and then we will take a brief look at the role that primitive ego thinking played in the current world financial crisis.

The world’s current banking and financial crisis is an excellent example of why unconscious primitive ego thinking can be so dangerous; especially when it unconsciously controls the behaviors of powerful public servants.

A Brief Look At How Primitive Ego Thinking Dominates The Bush Administration The primary goal of the ego in early childhood is essentially that of achieving a sense of safety and security as we try to navigate and struggle to make sense of a confusing and often frightening adult world. We refer to the ego of the unconscious inner-child psyche that resides inside all of us as “primitive”, not pejoratively, but rather in the sense that it developed from the experiences of very early childhood.

In childhood, it is common to search for security by returning to what worked yesterday so-as-to avoid having to embrace the anxiety that comes from an unknown tomorrow. When we see this behavior and thinking process dictating the behaviors of adult public officials, it clearly demonstrates the fear and insecurity that emanates from an unconscious primitive ego.

For eight years, the Bush administration has tried to return us to a time when the nations of the world were isolated and independent; to the consciousness and worldview of a much earlier colonial era in human history; a time when nations were often referred to as “Empires”. This administration did not seem to understand that imperial arrogance is an outmoded, pre-modern ideology; a power “over”, survival of the fittest consciousness that the rest of our global human culture is struggling to move beyond.

Over the last eight years America has behaved with bluster, boasting, rashness, arrogance, and other signs of narcissistic insecurity. The arrogant unilateral exercise of American power and our imperialistic bullying of other nations has all but destroyed the trust that we once held as a nation; a time when we were known as “a beacon of light on the hill.” The Bush administration failed to understand that, regardless of America’s military power, it is intellectually and emotionally impossible for other nations to trust a morally and ethically “weak” nation. Fear will work for a while, but eventually it only creates angry rebellion and conflict. People do not like to be threatened.

As a nation, we have insisted on projecting a narcissistic primitive ego consciousness to the world that completely ignored the fact that we have increasingly become a debtor nation that has lost much of its sovereignty. We have systematically given up the authority to effectively govern ourselves as a nation. For example, China alone has extended over one trillion dollars in loans to America. How many of us would self-righteously walk into a bank that holds the mortgage on our home and arrogantly assume that we had the right to tell those bank officials how to run their bank?

I believe that much of the banking crisis sweeping the financial markets of the world is nothing more than a reflection of the extraordinarily low esteem and lack of trust that the American people and other nations of the world currently have in the leadership of our nation.

In a global world, no nation is an island. No one religion, no one nation, no one political party, no one form of government, and no one economic system contains all the truth or owns the master narrative that bestows any nation or institution the “right” or authority to exercise control over others. More than any other recent example, the global financial crisis illustrates clearly the reality that, like it or not, we are rapidly becoming a global human culture.

America has not only lost the trust of its people, we have become a weak nation in eyes of the world. It is time for us to drop our imperial arrogance and once again manifest gentleness and restraint; to extend a helping hand to others. It is time for humility, cooperation, and open dialogue with the other nations of the world.

Not only have our leaders in Washington dangerously threatened and weakened the constitutional guidelines of our democracy, they have all but destroyed our ability, as one of the most powerful nations the world has ever produced, to provide the leadership and moral guidance that the world so critically needs as it emerges from an isolated tribal mentality and moves into a more interconnected global worldview.

But let me be clear. I am not talking about political, financial, or military leadership. I am not talking about exerting more imperialist power “over” other nations, I am talking about the ability to intentionally evolve our consciousness as a people and become an enlightened nation that leads by example; to once again become a “beacon on the hill”; to earn a position of trust rather than simply assuming we have it because we are America.

I am talking about a nation that becomes a beacon of light for justice, tolerance, and compassion…a nation that cares for the powerless and dispossessed peoples of the world. America is the most powerful empire the world has ever produced, but no empire in the history of the world has ever successfully ignored issues of justice and compassion and survived. It is very difficult to love or trust a bully or a tyrant.

Reflexive consciousness emerged in the human species over millions of years of biological evolution, but given the exponential growth of human technological advancements and our uncontrolled primitive ego exploitation of the earth’s natural resources; an exploitation that threatens our existence as a species, we cannot afford to wait another few million years to evolve through biology alone.

The survival of our species will require that the future evolution of humanity will need to take place much more quickly than is possible through infinitesimally small evolutionary changes in our biology. Only through the intentional, and significantly more rapid, growth of human consciousness will we be able to effectively address the crises and challenges that our reflexive consciousness and our collective primitive ego have created for us.

Lets take a brief look at the details of the current financial crisis to illustrate why we have to move beyond primitive ego thinking and undertake the task of intentionally enlightening and evolving our species consciousness.

The World Financial Crisis: A Helpful Illustration of Why Humanity Needs To Become Self-Aware of Its Primitive Ego The frightening reality is that virtually every adult alive today is unknowingly controlled by the primitive ego of his or her unconscious inner-child. We may appear to function as mature adults, but not unlike a sponge that sheds water when squeezed, we will continue to manifest aggressive child-like survival skills and child-like behaviors whenever we are squeezed by emotional stress.

Our primitive ego is greedy, very “me” oriented, and tends to be impatient…it wants what it wants when it wants it. It becomes angry when someone dares to be critical or says no to something it wants. In other words, our primitive ego is always narcissistically “right” and gets very angry when someone challenges or disagrees with its firmly held beliefs.

Our primitive ego also tends to be very “tribal” in its orientation. The tribe may be a literal tribe, a political party, a religious institution, a particular banking institution, or even a national government. Our primitive ego judgmentally assumes that anyone who is not a member of the “tribe”, is emotionally experienced as one of “them”; an enemy to be wary of. This deep sense of “otherness”, toward those who are outside of the tribe, fuels the judgmental, “power-over”, survival-of-the-fittest worldview so common in primitive ego thinking.

In other words, when a “responsible” executive is promoted in an American financial or banking institution (tribe), and put in a position of financial responsibility where much of the oversight, transparency, and regulatory controls, that would impose limits on their behaviors, have been systematically removed or weakened by the current administration and congress, it should come as no surprise when the narcissistic primitive ego of this executive’s inner-child unconsciously takes over.

When this happens, the primary goal of the executive’s primitive ego will be to maximize his or her own salary and benefits. So-as-to ensure the first goal, the second primary goal of the executive’s primitive ego will be focused on making certain that the financial institution or “tribe” that they work for makes as much money as possible. The long-range consequences of their executive behaviors will be considered irrelevant by their “me” oriented primitive ego. The long-range consequences of their behaviors will be assumed to be someone else’s problem. The greater the power and authority exercised by the executive, the greater will be the denial of responsibility.

This analysis is not intended to imply that the person in the above illustration is a “bad” or evil person. It simply means that they are behaving “normally” for someone whose consciousness has not yet intentionally grown or matured. Growth in consciousness comes primarily from an intentional growth in self-awareness. Because they have not learned to pay-attention to the fact that they are being emotionally controlled by the primitive ego of their unconscious inner-child, virtually any executive put in the same position of financial authority and responsibility would tend to behave in a similar manner.

Until we intentionally mature our consciousness and successfully awaken our more enlightened and adult observing ego consciousness, removing financial or public oversight in our financial or political institutions is a sure and certain path to abuse of power and in some cases, national crisis. And given that the primitive ego does not like being told no, it also makes sense as to why the Bush administration has systematically dismantled or ignored legal and Constitutional oversight and limits on Executive power over the last eight years.

Until our human species learns to mature its consciousness and adopt a more enlightened “we” oriented worldview, it will be a difficult or next to impossible challenge for anyone to obtain, and then successfully sustain, the high level of trust required to be an effective public official without equally high levels of oversight and regulatory controls.

I am convinced that the intentional evolution of our species consciousness is the most important task that has ever faced humanity. Primitive ego survival of the fittest thinking did a good job of ensuring our survival when we lived in caves, but the future survival of our human culture, and perhaps even the very survival of our species itself, is going to be totally dependent on our ability to “intentionally” become a more compassionate and enlightened species.

The peaceful resolution of global conflict will happen only when every citizen in every nation is able to confidently trust their political and financial public servants and know beyond a doubt that the needs, rights, and resources of our tiny planet are equally accessible to every human being on our planet.

This level of trust will be created only when we fully understand the dangers of allowing our unconscious primitive ego to emotionally control our “adult” thinking process, and only when we are able as a species to achieve the sustained empathy and compassion that comes from growth in self-awareness.

Dick Rauscher is retired from 25 years in private practice as a pastoral psychotherapist, a certified Fellow in the American Association of Pastoral Counselors, an ordained Elder in the United Methodist Church, a New York State licensed Mental Health Counselor, a writer and publisher of the Stonyhill Spiritual Growth Newsletter, and the author of many other articles published on www.stonyhill.com on the subjects of authentic spiritual growth, The Primitive Ego Theory of Human Development, and the intentional evolution of human consciousness.

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  Mexico’s unbelievable record breaking level of violent war deaths are piling up as casualties of Mexico’s on going civil war continues. These killings in Mexico are reveled by no country even other countries with active war zones such as Iraq and Afghanistan. Thousands of people died in what the Mexican Government calls drug-related violence this year as Mexican Drug Cartels (MDC’s) and trained enforcer gangs fought each other, the Mexican Army and Mexico’s security forces.  Mexican border protesters earlier this year told this reporter that the MDC’s claim they are dedicated to over throwing the current Calderon government and the government is hiding the true Mexican army death totals. Many Mexican troops have been killed by direct confrontations with MDC’s paramilitary forces many more than the Calderon administration is willing to admit.  Hundreds of Mexicans this past year, blocked roads and bridges in Mexican cities bordering the United States from the Gulf of Mexico (Matamoros) to the Pacific Ocean (Tijuana) and protested by marching in the northern city of Monterrey in a series of demonstrations that police say are organized and funded by MDC’s.  Mexican President Felipe Calderon condemned those public protests against his army-backed drug war, saying they were cowardly acts orchestrated by the warring MDC’s. Recently there have been intense counter attacks by the Mexican Army against the MDC’s forces, raising the intensity in the civil war against Mexico’s organized resistant protesters.  According to the largest Mexican newspaper El Universal the death count so far this year alone is more than 5,000.  Many believe that the war began when the Calderon administration launched a military campaign to combat spiraling drug violence in Mexico. Over 50, 000 troops and federal police were sent to cities in Mexico, many on the U.S Mexican border. Since than over 15,000  people in Mexico have died as a result of both the military’s action and the MDC’s.   The Mexican people are being used by the MDC’s who are winning many of the people over to their cause by hiring and training Mexico’s very poor young men to fight for them against the Mexican government forces and paying them up to $600.00 USD per week. This is a lot of money to pay the very poor and they are responding by the thousands.  The MDC’s are reported to also be recruiting freedom fighters to train to fight for them from Central American countries of Honduras, Nicaragua,El Salvador, and Guatemala. Mexican officials say that the MDC’s have training comps where these young men are being trained in modern war fare both in Mexico, Panama, Peru and Colombia. The MDC’s are also reported to be providing food, medicines and cash to their families back home in small villages and towns throughout Mexico. The MDC’s are paying people to attend marches and has handed out backpacks full of schoolbooks, pens and paper to poor families who joined the demonstrations, acting as a sort of Robin Hood, police said. President Calderón labeled the MDC’s as cowards and traitors to the nation those who use women and children as part of their strategy to bring about the withdrawal of the Army in its battle against organized crime. The leader of the Mexican left-leaning PRD party, Jesus Ortega, describes as “grave” that in Mexico the number of extortions by organized crime has skyrocketed.  ”We are going toward a situation where practically no Mexican is not threatened by criminals in one form or another,” he said.  He criticizes the government as “arrogant” for thinking it alone can confront the problem of insecurity.  He summarizes his thoughts, “The formulas of the left are an important part, but they are not enough.  We need to join them with other proposals in order to make a policy of State to face up to crime.”[SIC] Police and government officials in Monterrey say Mexico’s most violent drug gang, the Gulf cartel, and its feared armed wing, the Zetas, is behind the protests. Despite warnings from rights groups about soldiers using excessive force in the drug fight, Calderon also has Washington’s support for using the army, which has made historic drug seizures and is catching more gang leaders. More killings, running battles, shootings, protests and even rioting in Mexico are expected particularly along the U.S. Mexican border.According to Time magazine Mexico is suffering from its worst violence in history and one of its hardest economic slumps. “We are very near a social crisis,” Jose Narro, the director of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in Mexico City, said recently. “The conditions are there.”

The big fear now is that Mexico’s rich drug cartels, responsible for the killings this decade, are lending their resources and firepower to emerging guerrilla groups. If so, their plan may be to sow bicentennial terror and turn Mexicans against President Felipe CalderÓn’s drug-war offensive.

This past fall authorities say they seized an arsenal of large guns and grenades allegedly being sent from the Zetas, a vicious drug gang, to Jose Manuel Hernandez, a purported leader of the rebel group called the Popular Revolutionary Army (EPR). The EPR in recent years has claimed responsibility for attacks on Mexican oil infrastructure, including the bombing of six pipelines in 2007.

Political observers like Denise Maerker, a prominent columnist for the Mexico City daily El Universal, fear that provincial governments in places like Chiapas, where the weapons were found, are using 2010 fears as a pretext for cracking down on social activists. “They’re drawing questionable links between advocates for the poor and armed groups,” says Maerker, who adds there’s little evidence that Hernandez is an EPR boss.

Tim Padgett with Dolly Mascarenas  reported in Time that either way, the drug cartels have already shown they’re willing to use high-profile national celebrations as a stage for narco-terror. Last year, during Independence Day festivities in drug-infested Michoacan state, narcos killed seven people with fragmentation-grenade blasts. Mexicans were rattled again in September when bombs went off at three Mexico City banks and another at a car dealership. No one was injured, but to many chilangos, or capital residents, the explosions seemed a warning of things to come.Aside from inflated drug and guerrilla violence, another specter is unrest resulting from Mexico’s deflated economy. Given its enormous reliance on the U.S. market – and on remittances from Mexican workers there, which have declined sharply this year – the global recession has hit Mexico especially hard. Its GDP, in fact, will contract more than 5% in 2009, exacerbating unemployment as well as Mexico’s chronic poverty. A report this year by the Colegio de Mexico, one of the country’s top universities, warned, “A national social explosion is knocking at the door.” Said top Roman Catholic Bishop Gustavo Rodriguez, “We cannot separate the economic crisis from the violence and criminal crisis that we live day by day.”View this article on Time.comThe State Department said police forces in Mexican border communities “suffer from lack of funds and training, and the judicial system is weak, overworked and inefficient.” “I worry that the inability of local law enforcement to come to grips with rising drug warfare, kidnappings and random street violence will have a chilling effect on the cross-border exchange, tourism and commerce so vital to the region’s prosperity,” Traffickers are armed with AK-47 assault rifles, grenade launchers and bazookas. They’re carrying other weapons, wearing vests and using police jargon. Within a minute or two, someone is shoving a hood over the victim’s head and dragging him into a vehicle. His car is left on the side of the road – often outgunning and intimidating border police, sheriff depts., and Mexican security forces. The Mexican and U.S. Governments are in denial. The dictionary definition of civil war indicates that a civil war is a military conflict which arises from a desire for usually radical change in society as a result of either cultural, social, religious, political or economic disputes due to diametrically opposed and uncompromising ideas about the leadership, administration and management of the population and territory it occupies, and which it is resolved through use of weapons. This would seem to describe the current situation in Mexico today as the Mexican government wages war against the powerful Mexican drug cartels.The US Department of Defense considers Mexico one of the two governments in the world most likely to suffer a “rapid and sudden collapse” that could require military intervention.  A section on “weak and failing countries,” of a report released this year by the US Joint Forces Command says that narcotraffic and organized crime could generate a chaotic scene and the army would be obligated to respond for reasons of national security.  At the end of 2008, the US government declared the Mexican drug cartels to be the greatest threat to its territory. According to the U.S. Joint Forces Command there is one dynamic in the literature of weak and failing states that has received relatively little attention, namely the phenomenon of “rapid collapse.” For the most part, weak and failing states represent chronic, long-term problems that allow for management over sustained periods.

The collapse of a state usually comes as a surprise, has a rapid onset, and poses acute problems. The collapse of Yugoslavia into a chaotic tangle of warring nationalities in 1990 suggests how suddenly and catastrophically state collapse can happen – in this case, a state which had hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics at Sarajevo, and which then quickly became the epicenter of the ensuing civil war. In terms of worst-case scenarios for the Joint Force and indeed the world is Mexico a large and important country bordering the United States and could be facing a rapid and sudden collapse. The Mexican possibility of a failed state may seem less likely to many, but theGovernment, its politicians, police, and judicial infrastructure are all under sustained assault and pressure by criminal gangs and wealthy Mexican drug cartels. How that internal conflict of which many experts believe is actually a civil war turns out over the next several months will have a major impact on the stability of the Mexican state and therefore the U.S.  Any descent by Mexico into chaos would demand an American response based on the serious implications for homeland security alone. Mexico poses a real threat to the national security interests of the WesternHemisphere. In particular, the growing assault by the warring Mexican drug cartels and their many gangs of thugs on the Mexican government over the past several years reminds one that an unstable Mexico represents a homeland security problem of immense proportions to the United States.U.S. Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM) is one of DoD’s nine combatant commands and has several key roles in transforming the U.S. military’s capabilities. Headquartered in Norfolk, Va., the command oversees a force of more than 1.16 million dedicated men and women, spanning USJFCOM’s service component commands and subordinate activities. The command is comprised of active and reserve personnel from each branch of the armed forces, civil servants and contract employees.

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Head or Heart? You Decide

by Librarian on May 22, 2010

Decisions, decisions! From cars to careers and lipsticks to lovers, few generations have faced more choices in life than today’s 20-something women, or enjoyed more freedom to make them. It’s exciting but also daunting, and we debate and equivocate and endlessly procrastinate, torn between our heads and our hearts.

‘My mom keeps telling me how lucky I am,’ says 25-year-old attorney Amita. ‘I’ve been able to choose to go to varsity, to choose a profession I love, and now to choose a partner – my boyfriend Dinesh and I are thinking of getting married next year.’ In contrast, her mother was taken out of high school at 15 and married at 18 to a husband selected by the family. ‘It was a head’s-only decision – and not even Mom’s head. But because of the way she was raised, she didn’t question it.’

Amita believes her mother grew to love her father, ‘and she always says she’s been happy just raising me and my brothers, and helping in the family business.’ Once, however, when Amita pressed her, she confessed that given the choice she’d have liked to study law like her daughter.

‘It makes me sad but sometimes part of me is secretly almost envious,’ says Amita. ‘I love my life but it’s so complicated making decisions, especially when they can change it completely – like now, with Dinesh. It’s scary’.

Pressure of Choice

The reason we find decisions frightening is that to choose something is by definition to reject everything else -to close the door on other possibilities. In Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions (Harper Collins), Dan Ariely, professor of behavioral economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the US, tells how in SBC the Chinese general Xiang Yu got his reluctant troops to focus on crossing a river into enemy territory by breaking their cooking pots and burning their ships. Conducting experiments with students at MIT, Ariely found that closing doors on options by making a decision produces in us the pain of loss. And fear of this can hold us back, stopping us from committing to a new job or to an exclusive relationship in marriage – Amita’s current quandary.

‘My heart tells me I love Dinesh, and my parents like him too as a person. But he’s a teacher and I already outeam him. They think I could do better. And I hate myself for it, but sometimes when he and I have had a row and I look at things purely with my head, I wonder whether one day I could think so too….’

Head vs Heart

Most decisions come down to head versus heart. Head decisions are left-brain, says self-awareness coach Barbara Scogings. They’re analytical and one-dimensional, centered on conscious, logical, rational thinking.

We come to them by objectively considering the pros and cons of different options, assigning values and weights to each, and considering best- and worst-case scenarios and the probabilities of these.

Heart decisions, on the other hand, are right-brain. They’re emotional; rooted in our feelings and intuition. We arrive at them by listening to our inner voice, visualizing different options and their implications, noticing the feelings associated with each, sometimes even considering our dreams, looking to our subconscious for guidance.

‘Which of the two drives you most will impact greatly on your life from your early 20s until you retire,’ says transformation coach and author Steve Wright Krummeck of The (W)Right Coaching Company.

Basic personality type will play a role. People driven predominantly by the heart are ‘feelers, life’s lovers’, says Anthony Falikowski, author of Mastering Human Relations (Pearson). They tend to be intuitive, unconventional, exploratory, sociable, compassionate and humane. In contrast, head people, who he calls ‘life’s logicians’, mostly need time to plan and consider, like to organize and synthesize information, prefer to learn vicariously through books, store large amounts of knowledge and information, and are interested in ideas and theories.

Culture, upbringing and the values these instill in us also influence how we make decisions, as do evolutionary forces and the way our brains are biologically wired. Today developments in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques allow scientists to see exactly what goes on in the brain during decision-making. By measuring levels of oxygen in the blood they can tell which areas of the brain are more active – those dealing with abstract reasoning or those processing emotions. Harvard psychology professor Joshua Greene has used MRI to demonstrate that there is a neurological basis for us being ‘in two minds’ over decisions – that our ‘heart’ and our ‘head’ compete for dominance. Deciding Right

‘Good decision-making is a learnt skill and must be exercised like a muscle to build strength,’ say leadership coaches Annette Geffert and Diane Brown, authors of A Toolbox For Our Daughters (New World Library). Positive growth and change require the development of what they call our ‘internal decision-making centre or ‘connected inner guide’. Unchecked, the head and the heart have no desire for balance – each pushes hard for control, and when one is allowed to dominate it’s at the expense of the other. But both are needed for us to function ‘in harmony and balance’.

From our late teens through our 20s, our behavior tends to be more heart-driven, says Scogings. ‘In ancient tradition, the heart is the seat of authentic intelligence and it’s important to listen to it. But because you’re still emotionally immature, your heartfelt actions will often be impulsive and need to be tempered with reason until you can use the two more equally, usually around age 30. Permanent contentment will grow out of a balance between heartfelt and logical choices.’

Krummeck agrees. ‘We need to acknowledge whether we are predominantly heart-or head-driven, then consciously step into the opposite space for a while when we make decisions. If that’s too hard we need to seek mediation or advice from a trusted friend who operates in that opposite space and can play devil’s advocate, or from a coach or counselor.’

Recent research at the University of Amsterdam shows that most people use a head approach for deciding simpler, more practical things, such as whether to buy a toaster, considering features such as price, brand and quality. But when it comes to more important decisions, for instance whether to buy a house or get married, they’re mostly swayed by the heart. And this may well be for the best – in recent tests at the University of Otago in New Zealand, psychologist Dr Jamin Halberstadt demonstrated that intuitive or ‘heart’ decision-making often leads to more accurate or better-quality decisions than an analytic head approach. ‘Analyzing reasons can impair judgment,’ he reported.So what’s our best approach? ‘Weigh things up logically,’ advises Krummeck. (See ‘Guide to decide’.) Then go with your heart. Client after client tells me ‘If only I’d followed my heart early in life.’ It’s estimated 65% to 70% of people in the world are happy. The rest are mostly unhappy because they didn’t listen to their hearts and pursued security and money instead of what excited them. They listened to their heads. This has a profound effect throughout our lives.’

When we pursue our passion, says Krummeck, we tend to be more joyful. This brings about a physiological change in our bodies – our heartbeat actually becomes more regular, stress levels drop and we’re more at peace. ‘Heart decisions tend to be ‘love-driven’, positive and energizing, while head ones can be fear-driven, negative and debilitating.’ The way you feel after making a decision will indicate whether it’s right for you. If you’re tense and stressed, rethink it. If you’re relaxed and content, it’s almost certainly the right decision for you, at least for now.

‘Don’t look for perfection,’ concludes Krummeck. This is an imperfect universe. Remember: avoiding making a decision is to make a decision by default – often one that puts your life on hold. ‘Be glad you have the power to choose, choose as well as you can, and follow through on the choice. Learn whatever you can from it. You will grow in the process’.

For more articles on sexual health subscribe to Sandra Prior?s online newsletter at http://intercell.shacknet.nu.

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Future of gaming

by Librarian on May 21, 2010

Gaming is about to embark on a fundamental change in the next 5 to 10 years. Revolutions are occurring in computer hardware impacting visual technology, game controllers and sensory feedback. Add to that revolutionary software will change the whole concept of what we consider games to entice participation from all demographics. All this will be impacted by incredibly higher processor speeds that will fundamentally change the way computer games are played.

Revolutions are coming in visual technology. 3D technology has hit the movie screens big time, generating an added realism to movies. It won’t be long before that technology is transferred to the video game industry. Imagine the 3d realism of gunshots coming at you or a football heading your way in a 3d football game. The hardware in primitive form is already available as specialized headsets from Display Systems. Even more amazing, a company called Ethereal is working on a 3d hologram projector that will make the holo-decks of Star Trek and X-men a reality . It won’t be long before games are written to take advantage of the new technology as movies are today.

Revolutions are coming in the sensory feedback we receive from games. Currently, almost all of the feedback we get from games are visual and audio. We get a little touch feedback from game controllers that shake in our hands to simulate hits. Well hold onto your hats. Soon to hit the market are vests that simulate being punched or shot to add realism. These are called force feedback devices and they are already available from a company called Tngames. Next to be developed will probably be full body force feedback suits. Imagine playing a zombie game and feeling the pressure of a simulated bite on your leg from the undead. There are also companies woking on smell machines that will generate a scent based on the computer program. There is already a patent out for a computer scent dispenser that can connect to the wii. It won’t be long before the smell of gunpowder is added to war games like Medal of Honor giving it a new sense of realism. In the not to distant future, games will be able to manipulate our senses merely by beaming signals directly into our brains.

Game controllers have not change much in years until recently. Most game consoles are controlled by single or multiple joysticks with tons of buttons. The Nintendo Company made the first revolution in controllers when it introduced the Wii and the first motion sensor controllers. Instead of controllers, games will be controlled by our brain waves. Microsoft is not far behind with it’s version of motion sensor controls. However, these controls are primitive to what’s coming down the pipe. Already, there have been successful experiments with humans moving a cursor across a computer screen with their thoughts. The first headset is already available for sale at a company called emotive. It won’t be long before the old joystick is a thing of the past.

All these revolutions would not make a difference if the new influx of data cannot be processed quickly enough to give the user real time execution. That’s where the biggest revolution is coming in processor speeds. For years chip makers have hit a wall in how small they can shrink the computer chip. There is a limit to the size of the wiring in the chips that carry electrons from transistor to transistor. To overcome that limitation scientist have been able to design chips that use light waves instead of electrons. This will enable them in five to 10 years to make chips with incredible processing speed. Some scientists think that in 20 years the super fast chips could make computers that can think like humans. Imagine games that learn enough about us to keep us perpetually engaged as we learn how to master the game.

Games will take on the roles of life. Like the movies the the Matrix, games will involve interacting with other people with avatars ( digital representations of us) in virtual worlds. It will be like facebook, merged with world or warcraft, but add in voice, touch and smell. Games like Spore are already at the forefront of this revolution. We will be able to produce ideal versions of ourselves and engage in virtual risky activities while our physical bodies remain safe.

The gaming industry is poised to take a revolutionary step forward that will impact every demographic on the planet. The new technology will increase the use of video game hardware and software in everyday life. I can already see the effects on how we learn. Understanding how to make video games will put a person in charge of their economic future in the years to come. Please use the tutorial provided at http://www.juniorgamemaker.com as a launch pad into an exciting future.

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